Document Type
Article
Publication Title
The Review of Litigation
Publication Date
2002
Volume
21
First Page
1
Abstract
(Excerpt)
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, adopted in 1938, introduced a simplified pleading regimen for litigation in the federal courts. Commonly referred to as notice pleading, this new pleading regimen was designed to shift the courts' attention away from the pleadings and toward proof at trial. Under the simplified pleading standards adopted by the Federal Rules, the complaint need not contain a ritualistic recitation of elements of an abstruse theory of recovery, as required at common law; nor did it need to detail "facts" sufficient to make out a "cause of action," as required under the old scheme of code pleading. Under the Federal Rules, the complaint simply has to put the other side on notice of claims for relief, and it would withstand a motion to dismiss unless "it appears beyond a doubt that plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Detailed factual allegations are necessary only in cases involving fraud or mistake.
The United States Supreme Court has repeatedly reaffirmed this lenient pleading standard. Nevertheless, lower courts in antitrust cases, purportedly following the lead of the Supreme Court, have used lack of detail in complaints as a basis for dismissing claims on the merits at the pleading stage even where it is clear that the other side is on notice of the plaintiffs claims. Judges have, in effect, implemented court-made specificity requirements to supplement the standards set forth in Rule 9(b). This Article analyzes the questions of whether a judicially created requirement for specificity in pleading is consistent with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and whether such judge-made pleading rules, if proper, ought to exist. The Article will: 1) explore general standards for pleading under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 2) discuss the exceptional circumstances where specificity in pleading is required under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and 3) analyze the case for and the case against a specificity in pleading requirement in antitrust cases.